Baird 812 24" Television Receiver


Purists will note the line linearity is not perfect. This photo was taken before final adjustment.

This set was acquired from a fellow TV collector who was needing to offload part of his collection. When he said "series heater" I knew I had to have it. I knew also from the description that it was one of the Thorn R series chassis, but just assumed it would be an R2. What was even better was that when I went to pick it up, I discovered it was the live chassis R2M. I could see this set becoming one of my favourites, especially as the cosmetic condition was excellent. Like my other R2M chassis (a 17" portable Baird 808), this one was also a Baird that had belonged to Radio Rentals.

Introduction to the Thorn R series chassis.
In 1969, Thorn in the UK announced their 1500 chassis. It's a hybrid design with everything except the tuner and controls on one PCB which forms the chassis, and is mounted on a swing out frame. It was also of the generation of the first 625 line only designs. Of course, being British, it's live chassis with the valve heaters in series. As articles in Practical Television note, it's a very reliable and easy to service chassis, which apparently remained in production until 1979. With British viewers required to have a licence, and that the cost of a monochrome licence is somewhat cheaper than a colour one, this meant that large screen monochrome sets were in production for a lot longer in the UK than elsewhere. The set was rebadged under different BRC brands and was a popular rental set.


The BRC 1500 chassis, as produced in the UK. See "Television" for August 1972.

An Australian version of the chassis appeared in 1970. However, the PCB is locally manufactured and was redesigned slightly to accommodate the differences in the Australian design. Nevertheless, the notes in Practical Television are still pertinent. Thorn in Australia labelled it the "R" series, and AWA called it the "58" series.
The main differences between the 1500 and Australian R and 58 series are:

The Thorn R1 and AWA 58-00 series use conventional 6.3V parallel heater valves and a full wave bridge rectifier with a transformer. The R2 is also transformer isolated, but uses series heater valves. Why this was done is not entirely clear, as series heater valves were never the standard in Australia, and thus are seen as unusual types, inconvenient for the TV technician to keep in stock. The service notes claim that it allowed the transformer to have a smaller gauge heater winding, and the lower current through this winding allowed a greater efficiency.
The R1 and R2 chassis appeared locally under the brand names of Thorn, Baird, and Canberra Atlas. Baird is the brand name used by Radio Rentals, and Canberra Atlas was the brand of another rental company, Canberra Television Services.

Live chassis R2M.
The R2M variant is, like the R2, a series heater version, but has no power transformer. The B+ comes from a half wave rectifier, and the heaters are fed via a diode dropper in addition to a 180R resistor. To make the design more acceptable in Australia, the diode heater dropper is connected so the heaters are negative with respect to the chassis. Along with the positive current drawn by the B+ rectifier, this means that the DC component that would otherwise appear on the mains is largely cancelled out.
Half wave rectification is frowned upon in Australia because of the corrosion problems it can cause due to our MEN earthing system. As Australian consumers have their mains neutral connected to earth at the switchboard, it means that some current does flow through the earth. If this should contain DC, it can cause corrosion of water pipes to which the earth is connected. Also, a DC component is seen as reducing efficiency of stepdown transformers in the system.
Aside from that, live chassis radios and televisions are against the Australian culture of having an isolated and always safe chassis which can be earthed. Hence, they were intensely disliked by many servicemen. In fact, the R2M was the only live chassis Australian made television since the late 1950's, when even Ekco changed over to a transformer isolated design. Few live chassis sets existed in Australia. Ekco was the most popular and well known, but there were some early portables made by Admiral, Astor, and Pope Motorola.
To placate the conservative serviceman, the R2M is fitted with two neon lamps to indicate if the chassis is connected to the live or neutral. It's quite an ingenious idea which would have minimal increase to the cost. The mains earth is connected only to this warning circuit, and in the case of 17" portables, to the earphone socket as protection should the speaker transformer insulation fail. As a rental set, only the company technicians would be working on the sets, not servicemen at large. Thus, the live chassis work would be fairly confined to a few. For anyone with a phobia about live chassis equipment, the obvious solution is to use an isolating transformer.


The two warning neons can be seen here. They are connected from live to earth and neutral to earth to indicate if the chassis is live or safe to touch. Note the 20R section of the dropper resistor.

Sets using the R2M chassis were apparently used only by the rental companies, Radio Rentals (Baird) and Canberra Television (Canberra Atlas). Presumably, the live chassis was done as a cost cutting feature - plausible given the no frills cabinet designs. The cabinets and knobs are based on their English counterparts.

The Circuit.

The corrected Thorn R2M circuit. Right click and view externally for full size.

Front end.
The tuner is a Matsushita VHF turret tuner ENR5758, with series heater valves, 4GK5 and 7GS7. The 4GK5 is a neutralised RF amplifier, and the 7GS7 is for the mixer and oscillator. 6GS7 and its series heater versions 5GS7 (450mA) and 7GS7 (300mA) appear to be a type unique to Matsushita, for I've only seen it in their tuners. It's pin compatible with 6CG8, but as I found doing an experiment, not electrically identical - some tuner realignment would be needed to get it to work.
Aerial isolation has two stages which is quite unusual. There is an isolating panel at the tuner using 470pF isolating condensers, and 2.2M discharge resistors, but the same thing is also placed at the aerial terminals at the back of the set. My guess is that it reduces the shock hazard that results when people bypass the aerial terminals or sockets on live chassis sets. If someone connects the aerial directly to the 300R ribbon emerging from the tuner, it will still be isolated.


The tuner and (tiny) speaker are visible here.  Inside the cardboard enclosure for the aerial terminals is the second isolating circuit.

From the tuner, the signal is processed by fully solid state circuitry up to the CRT cathode. Australian made Fairchild or Philips transistors were used. The IF amplifier consists of transistors T2, T3, T4, T5. D2 provides detection, and the video signal now passes through T6 which is an emitter follower, the output of this being low impedance. This reduces problems with stray capacitance and provides low impedance drive required by the video output amplifier, T7. A simple contrast control is wired rheostat style to the input of T7. From T7's collector, the signal is now strong enough to drive the CRT cathode. The CRT is a Philips Miniwatt A61-120W/R.
Note that the video stage is entirely AC coupled. DC component is lost at C36 and C38. High frequency boost to is obtained by C37 in T7's emitter circuit. No peaking chokes are used (and it seems not required) in the video amplifier circuit. A series resonant sound trap is present at the input to T7 to prevent 5.5Mc/s patterning in the picture.

The AGC is peak level. The peak voltage of the detected video is rectified by D5, which charges C54. As the peak level is proportional to the sync pulse level, this voltage does not vary with video content, only the signal strength. T9 amplifies the filtered DC obtained thus, and uses it to control the base current of the first and second IF amplifiers, T2 and T3. Although the AGC is fed into T3, T2 takes its bias current from the emitter of T3.
The tuner, using valves, requires negative AGC. A negative supply is obtained by rectifying pin one of the line output transformer. C4 filters this to a steady -15V. This is fed into the AGC terminal of the tuner via R3 and R5. However, T1, at the junction of these two resistors is used to shunt away some of this voltage, depending on the current drawn by  T2, the first IF amplifier - this being of course AGC controlled. A quick glance at the circuit may assume gated AGC because of the connection to the line output transformer, but this is not the case - it's merely a convenient way to obtain negative DC.

T6 also functions as a grounded emitter 5.5Mc/s amplifier, thus providing the first part of the sound IF amplification. This proceeds to T10 where the further amplified FM signal is fed into the ratio detector transformer L15/L16. A pair of germanium diodes provide detection. For complete AM rejection, a balance control is provided to take up any mismatch between the diodes.

Picture Tube.


24" Picture tube was made by Philips. The size is not common in Australia, with most large tubes being 23" or 25".

Audio.
Here a 16A8/PCL82 is used in the conventional way. This valve is the 300mA series heater version of the 6BM8/ECL82, which appears in the R1 and 58 series chassis. One gets the impression that anything to do with audio was an afterthought in the design. Apart from the speaker being the same as used in a 12" Thorn portable, there is no frequency response correction, except for a crude .01uF across the output transformer, and an unbypassed 270R cathode resistor for some negative feedback. The diode (D14) shown connected to the pentode cathode is not related to the audio, but is part of the power supply which is discussed later.

Sync separator and line oscillator.
The valve used here, 30FL2 and its parallel heater version, 6FL2 are unique to Mazda, sometimes branded as Ediswan. In Australia, the R series was the only set to ever use these valves. The numbering is misleading in that although it looks like an RMA number, the 30FL2 certainly does not have a 30V heater! It's actually 10.4V. The pentode section is, despite the appearance on the circuit, a tetrode. It's specifically intended for sync separation circuits. The circuit here is quite standard, with the video output transistor, T7 providing drive to the grid via the isolating network R45 and C39. Frame sync pulses are taken from a tapping on the plate load so as not to filter out the line sync which is taken directly from the plate. The sync separator operates with low plate and screen voltages, as is usual to clip the sync from the video.
As is standard, an AFC circuit is provided for the line oscillator. A phase detector consisting of D3 and D4 produces an error voltage if the line oscillator is not in phase with the sync pulses. Line pulses come in via C44, and sync pulses via C43. The resultant DC is filtered by C48. R60 and C49 provide critical damping so that sudden changes do not cause hunting. T8 amplifies the correction voltage, which then controls the grid voltage of the triode. The triode is a simple transformer coupled blocking oscillator. Some control over its frequency can be obtained by altering the grid voltage. To set the line frequency into the capture range, the line hold pot provides an offset voltage to the AFC circuit.
Drive to the line output stage comes from the triode plate.

Line deflection.
The line output stage is designed around a Philips line output transformer and is stabilised with a VDR. The line output valve is a 25E5/PL36, and in the parallel heater chassis, it is a 6CM5/EL36. The 6CM5 was the "standard" line output valve in Australia. By the mid 1960's every local manufacturer was using it. Even AWA let go of their beloved 6DQ6.
It's an efficient valve with excellent reliability.
It is not entirely clear because of the circuit copy, but the width stabilising VDR, Z4, rectifies one of the line output transformer tappings. How can a VDR rectify you might ask? The secret is that the waveform fed into is asymmetrical. As Z4 receives a pulse, it reduces resistance and C101 charges up. One the next half cycle the pulse is much less, so the energy in C101 now appears across Z4 in the form of a negative voltage. This is superimposed on the output valve grid. As line output activity increases, the more negative voltage appears on the grid, and so the PL36 is throttled back.  On its own, the negative voltage produced would be too much, but the width control provides an adjustable positive offset to this, so the line output stage operating conditions can be set.
The damper diode is a 30AE3/PY88. For parallel heater sets, it's 6AL3/EY88. C97 is the boost capacitor. The yoke is also a Philips, and to adjust linearity a shorting sleeve is fitted to the neck of the CRT. Thus, the inductance of the yoke can be increased or decreased depending on how far in or out the sleeve is. This type of linearity control is apparently a Thorn invention. Some sets use a Plessey yoke.
EHT is obtained by a selenium stick rectifier, TV18S.


The chassis is one of the best for service access. Undo one screw, loosen one other, and it just swings out. Everything is easily accessible. Valves from left to right are PCL82, PCL85, 30FL2, PY88 and PL36.

Frame deflection.
This uses a 18GV8/PCL85, or 6GV8/ECL85 in a standard multivibrator circuit.  The triode forms the oscillator in the usual way, with the plate resistor R108 charging C86. The amplitude of the charging voltage, and thus the height is set by adjusting the supply voltage. This is also stabilised, by a VDR, Z1, to reduce the effect of changing mains voltage on picture height. The charging waveform is fed into the pentode output stage. Waveshaping components are used to obtain correct linearity by modifying the output stage waveform, by C92 and the main linearity control. Further adjustment is provided by a feedback circuit based around C88 and the top linearity control. C82 provides the cross coupling to make the circuit oscillate. C91 across the yoke terminals bypasses the line energy coupled in between the line and frame windings on the yoke., which if it gets into the frame oscillator, can upset the interlace. The pentode cathode current is filtered and provides the 25V supply for the front end of the set.

Power Supply.
Mains is fed in via a double pole switch to ensure the chassis is not live when the set is switched off. Neons N1 and N2 indicate chassis polarity by using the mains earth as a reference. If N2 lights it means the chassis is live, and the polarity should be reversed before commencing work. Both neons light up if there's no earth because they're then in series with each other. This is the case when using the set with an isolating transformer, but in this case they do not indicate danger.
A single 1.5A fuse protects the whole set. D9 rectifies the 240V mains which charges the main B+ filter condenser C58, 150uF. A .01uF ceramic condenser protects the rectifier diode against mains spikes. There is a 20R surge limiter in series with D9 to limit peak charging current of C58 when the set is first switched on. A mistake exists on the original circuit diagram in that this resistor is not shown. Physically, it's part of the big black dropper resistor across the top of the chassis. No resistor is required when a transformer is used because the winding resistance functions thus. In the transformer powered sets a bridge rectifier is used.
Resistors and high value condensers provide all the filtering. There is no choke. Most of the filter resistors are part of the long black dropper resistor along the top of the PCB.

The valve heaters are all 300mA and connected in series. To reduce the heater dropper resistor power, a diode is used to cut off every half cycle of the mains supply. Thus, the heater string is fed half the power that would otherwise be fed into it. Effectively, with the diode in circuit, the heater supply is 170V rms instead of 240V. This means a smaller dropper resistor.
The technique is discussed in detail here.
 
Valve Heater Voltage
CRT 6.3
4GK5 4
7GS7 7.6
PCL82 16
PCL85 18
30FL2 10.4
PL36 25
PY88 30
Total = 117.3
Heater string voltage adds up to 117.3V.

We can see the 180R dropper resistor is correct from a simple calculation. As previously stated, the diode dropper converts the 240VAC supply to 170V rms. The voltage to be dropped across the resistor is 170 - 117.3 = 52.7V.
R = V/I = 52.7/0.3 = 175.7 ohms, which is close enough to the nearest preferred value of 180R. Power dissipated is I^2 x R = 0.3^2 x 180 = 16.2W.

Just as an illustration of how the diode dropper saves power (and heat), let's calculate the dropper if the circuit didn't include the diode. R would be 240-117.3/0.3 = 409R. Its power dissipation would be 0.3^2 x 409 = 36.8W.

In the original circuit diagram, the heater dropper diode D8 is drawn the wrong way round. This is the convention in the UK and Europe where they don't care about huge chunks of power drawn on every half cycle, and it would appear whoever draughted the Australian circuit overlooked this when redrawing the 1500 circuit. I have corrected this in the circuit shown here.
Having the heater dropper feeding negative voltage into the heater string offsets the current drawn by the B+ rectifier, and thus reduces the DC superimposed on the mains.
In the original 1500 chassis, the low voltage for the front end was obtained from a voltage divider at the earthy end of the heater string. But, as the Australian R series has the heater string negative with respect to earth, this technique cannot be used. Hence, the modification to use the frame output valve cathode as a supply source, as mentioned previously.

A potential problem of the heater diode dropper is that if the diode shorts, as diodes tend to do when they fail, full power is applied and the valves will be damaged. The user would be unaware of this as the set will continue to function. Only by looking in the back and noticing the increased valve brightness would the fault be detected.
However, a warning circuit is provided for in the R2M. Referring back to D14 in the audio circuit, it will be seen that one end of the diode is connected to the unbypassed pentode cathode. The other end is connected to one of the heater pins of the PCL82. Note the polarity. Because the heater string is negative pulsating DC, the diode does not conduct. It does nothing. Now, imagine the heater dropper diode shorts. Then, the heater string will be running on AC. D14 will now conduct each time heater pin 4 goes positive - thus feeding pulsating DC into the output valve cathode. The result is a loud buzz from the speaker which cannot be reduced even with the volume control. Hence, the viewing conditions are made unpleasant enough for the viewer to turn off the set.
It is interesting to note that Pye incorporated an audible warning system in some of their chassis to indicate if the heater fuse had blown. Here the earth return of the speaker was via the fuse, so if the fuse was open, 6.3V at 50c/s would be fed into the speaker.


Back of the PCB. The white twin flex is the 240V mains input.

While there is no doubt that the audible warning system works, a potential problem is if the audio stage or speaker is also faulty. Note that if the heater of the PCL82, tuner valves, or CRT should go open, or if any of these valves are removed with the set on, the PCL82 pentode cathode resistor will burn out with the full heater current applied across it. A far better method is to have a diode connected from the heater supply to earth so that it is normally reverse biassed. If the heater dropper diode shorts, then the protection diode will conduct on the first positive half cycle and blow the fuse. This has been described here https://www.cool386.com/dropper/rsz_1pt_aug71.jpg

Restoration.
The R series chassis was one of the most reliable Australian sets, and quite a few were being used into the 1980's. In later years, they succumbed to the problem of leaky paper condensers. By the 1990's these were starting to fail. Paper condensers in a 1970's TV set? Yes, indeed. They were the last attempt at making a leakproof design. The type concerned is the PCB mounted AEE Miniprint. These were encapsulated in clear resin. As far as paper condensers go, they were actually very reliable at the time, but mounted next to hot valves the resin would eventually crack, leaving the insides exposed to moisture.
So, first job was to replace these. I did actually power up the set beforehand just to see what it would do, but the .056uF boost condenser soon failed, and with C94 leaky, the CRT did not light up anyway.
I was keen to see the CRT light up after seeing a note on the service card saying something about boosting the CRT. I had visions of a serviceman unnecessarily stripping the tube cathode because he couldn't be bothered changing a high resistor or leaky condenser in the CRT grid circuit. Given the tube is a Philips Miniwatt, I knew the chances of it failing were very unlikely. Nevertheless, the previous owner assured me the CRT was quite OK.
All the likely high value resistors were changed, but only a few were actually found to be out of tolerance.
I now had screen illumination thus putting my mind at ease about the CRT. There was however, no frame deflection, and the width was rather lacking. The frame circuit was missing its B+ because the 1.4K filter resistor (R76) was open. This was strange not being a preferred value, and I put a 1.5K 5W across the terminals just to get it going. Subsequently, I paralleled a 22K 1W across it because there was a small but noticeable difference with the lower value. In reality it wouldn't have mattered and I'm sure most TV servicemen would just use 1.5K. Because this resistor is part of the big black dropper, I soldered it to the leads from that, cutting one off the dropper just in case the open circuit section came good.
As with every other example of the R2M chassis I've seen, the 180R heater dropper had gone open circuit in the past and had been bridged with a separate 20W resistor.
For those with R1 and R2 sets, as well as an R2M, one could swap the dropper over if one wanted the original type because the 180R section is not used in these sets, so it is in pristine condition. The burnt out dropper can then go into the transformer powered set.
Having now got a raster, a strange distortion was evident at the bottom of the picture. I had never seen it before and although not keystone as one gets with shorted yoke turns, it did look yoke related. I thought I should get a picture first to try and understand what it was. The width was still lacking despite trying new valves, etc.
Feeding an RF signal into the aerial terminals did not produce what I expected. I've never had a front end problem with the R series and this was very strange. The "picture" was very weak and looked off tune and altering the fine tuning did not correct this. I thought maybe an AGC fault was cutting off the RF or IF stages, but when I checked there was no AGC being fed into the tuner.
So, out with the 100Mc/s CRO and trace through the IF stage. The video detector transformer was providing 5V p-p into the detector diode, but only millivolts were coming out. A quick ohms test confirmed the diode was open. Replacing it brought up full gain and a strong picture.
Thinking about the raster distortion, I took the yoke from my spare R2 chassis to try it out. As I was sliding back the yoke on the R2M to remove it, all became clear. The linearity sleeve was so far down the neck that it had been splayed out against the back of the CRT. Soon as I removed it, up came a distortionless raster of more then enough width.
With a Philips PM5544 test pattern fed in, the sleeve was then adjusted correctly. It protrudes from the back of the yoke by about 12mm.
The set was now working very well, with a good sharp picture. Running it for several hours showed up a new fault. The height was intermittently dropping. A likely problem was something in the height circuit and my suspicions focussed on the 1uF electrolytic, C81. Knowing the unreliability of such components, it was replaced and the fault has not returned.


Back of set showing preset controls.


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